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ALT CULTURE CLUB TOPIC
Microbe researcher Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723) constructed a simple microscope and he was able to find small animalcules. There's a disagreement in books if he did report or did not report this important discovery. Thus, the science of microbiology became dormant for almost 150 years until other research-minded biologists like Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch gave the necessary impetus. The perfection of the substage condenser by Ernst Abbe made the study of microorganism more possible. A German botanist, Ferdinand Cohn (1828 - 1898) compiled the first orderly arrangement of bacterial classification as members of the plant kingdom. Having developed the necessary instrument, biologists were confronted about the "origin" of life of one-celled organisms. This led to the theory of spontaneous generation or abiogenesis. Aristotle believed that animals could arise spontaneously from non-living things. One of the early investigators was John Needham who believed that a "productive" or "vegetative" force was responsible for the generation of living matters. A few tried to disprove this theory. Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and the theory about fermentation. Scientists at the time thought fermentation was a chemical process but Pasteur stressed that bacteria were the direct cause of fermentation. During his studies, he also discovered anarobic bacteria.
Robert Koch (1843 - 1910), a German scientist, developed the methods of making smears on glass slides and then staining them with dyes. Also, he used culture media for growth of bacteria. This brought to another vital concept about the etiology of disease. Worth mentioning was the Italian physician, Fracastorius, who postulated that microorganism causes disease by contact. Marcus von Plenciz put the new concept that not only diseases were caused by microorganism but each disease was caused by a specific bacteria capable of being transmitted to other individuals thru the air. The Koch's Postulates:
1. The suspected organism is associated with the disease.
2. Isolation of the organism in pure culture.
3. Inoculation of the organism into healthy animal.
4. The same organism must be reisolated from the animal.
5. The same disease is produced.
Other scientists like Edward Jenner originated immunization and demonstrated the effectiveness of vaccine taken from cowpox for the prevention of smallpox; Joseph Lister demonstrated aseptic technic in surgical operations; and Louis Pasteur developed treatment for rabies.
NEXT TOPIC: COLLECTION AND HANDLING OF SPECIMENS
HISTORY OF BACTERIOLOGY
The history of bacteriology can be traced long before the microscopes were invented. That man suspected the presence of organism so minute to be seen by the naked eye and their effects like putrefaction of foods, fermentation of sugars, and diseases like TB and leprosy, the causes of which were unexplainable then, that is, until the invention of lenses and microscopes.
Three periods of development:
1. 1865 Very few facts are accumulated
2. 1865 - 1882 Foundation of modern sciences
3. 1882 up to present time More knowledge are foundMicrobe researcher Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723) constructed a simple microscope and he was able to find small animalcules. There's a disagreement in books if he did report or did not report this important discovery. Thus, the science of microbiology became dormant for almost 150 years until other research-minded biologists like Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch gave the necessary impetus. The perfection of the substage condenser by Ernst Abbe made the study of microorganism more possible. A German botanist, Ferdinand Cohn (1828 - 1898) compiled the first orderly arrangement of bacterial classification as members of the plant kingdom. Having developed the necessary instrument, biologists were confronted about the "origin" of life of one-celled organisms. This led to the theory of spontaneous generation or abiogenesis. Aristotle believed that animals could arise spontaneously from non-living things. One of the early investigators was John Needham who believed that a "productive" or "vegetative" force was responsible for the generation of living matters. A few tried to disprove this theory. Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and the theory about fermentation. Scientists at the time thought fermentation was a chemical process but Pasteur stressed that bacteria were the direct cause of fermentation. During his studies, he also discovered anarobic bacteria.
Robert Koch (1843 - 1910), a German scientist, developed the methods of making smears on glass slides and then staining them with dyes. Also, he used culture media for growth of bacteria. This brought to another vital concept about the etiology of disease. Worth mentioning was the Italian physician, Fracastorius, who postulated that microorganism causes disease by contact. Marcus von Plenciz put the new concept that not only diseases were caused by microorganism but each disease was caused by a specific bacteria capable of being transmitted to other individuals thru the air. The Koch's Postulates:
1. The suspected organism is associated with the disease.
2. Isolation of the organism in pure culture.
3. Inoculation of the organism into healthy animal.
4. The same organism must be reisolated from the animal.
5. The same disease is produced.
Other scientists like Edward Jenner originated immunization and demonstrated the effectiveness of vaccine taken from cowpox for the prevention of smallpox; Joseph Lister demonstrated aseptic technic in surgical operations; and Louis Pasteur developed treatment for rabies.
NEXT TOPIC: COLLECTION AND HANDLING OF SPECIMENS
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